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2017_ppf_webgraphic550x350
Oceanographers are carving up the world’s seas like the last of the holiday turkey. A new 3D map sorts global water masses — from deep, frigid circumpolar waters to the oxygen-starved Black Sea — into 37 categories.
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2016IndustryForumPosters
  • ONW: Week of January 9, 2017 – Number 349
  • Save The Date for the 2017 Public Policy Forum
  • Member Highlight: 3D Ocean Map Tracks Ecosystems In Unprecedented Detail
  • 2016 U.S. Election Results: Consortium for Ocean Leadership Statement
  • Sound In The Sea: Building A Cross-Sector Consensus On Gaps In Science
Release Of Water Shakes Pacific Plate At Depth
January 12, 2017 – 11:32 am
Scientists discovered a zone of intense earthquakes along the downgoing slab at the Tonga Trench caused by the release of water at depth.

(Click to enlarge) Scientists discovered a zone of intense earthquakes along the downgoing slab at the Tonga Trench caused by the release of water at depth.

Tonga is a seismologists’ paradise, and not just because of the white-sand beaches. The subduction zone off the east coast of the archipelago racks up more intermediate-depth and deep earthquakes than any other subduction zone, where one plate of Earth’s lithosphere dives under another, on the planet.

(From Science Daily)– “Tonga is such an extreme place, and that makes it very revealing,” said S. Shawn Wei, a seismologist who earned his doctorate at Washington University in St. Louis and now is a postdoctoral fellow at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego.

That swarm of earthquakes is catnip for seismologists because they still don’t understand what causes earthquakes to pop off at such great depths.

Below about 40 miles, the enormous heat and pressure in Earth’s interior should keep rock soft and pliable, more inclined to ooze than to snap. So triggering an earthquake at depth should be like getting molasses to shatter.

In the Jan. 11 issue of Science Advances, a team of seismologists from Washington University, Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Carnegie Institution for Science analyze the data from 671 earthquakes that occurred between 30 and 280 miles beneath Earth’s surface in the Pacific Plate as it descended into the Tonga Trench.

Analyzing data from several seismic surveys with both ocean bottom seismometers and island-based seismic stations, they were surprised to find a zone of intense earthquake activity in the downgoing slab, which they call a seismic belt.

The pattern of the activity along the slab provided strong evidence that the earthquakes are sparked by the release of water at depth.

“It looks like the seismic belt is produced by the sudden flushing of water when the slab warms up enough that the hydrated minerals can decompose and give off their water,” said Doug Wiens, the Robert S. Brookings Distinguished Professor of earth and planetary sciences in Arts & Sciences at Washington University.

“The pressure of the fluid causes earthquakes in the same way that wastewater injected into deep wells causes them in Oklahoma,” Wiens said. “Although the details are very different when it’s many miles down, it’s the same physical process. “

A champion subduction zone

The Tonga Trench holds a place of honor in the annals of seismology because this is where American scientists, invited to investigate the grumbling earth by the King of Tonga, got their first clear glimpse of a subduction zone in action.

The classic paper that scientists Bryan Isacks, Jack Oliver and Lynn Sykes published in 1968 led to the acceptance of the then speculative theory of plate tectonics.

Read the full article here: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/01/170111151428.htm?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+sciencedaily%2Fearth_climate%2Foceanography+%28Oceanography+News+–+ScienceDaily%29

Finding A Home On The Tree Of Life For A Tentacled Ice Cream Cone With A Lid
January 12, 2017 – 10:52 am
Finding A Home On The Tree Of Life For A Tentacled Ice Cream Cone With A Lid

Behold the hyolith — a bizarre Cambrian-period creature that dwelt on the ocean floor alongside other armored invertebrates like trilobites more than 500 million years ago. Its body was encased in a pair of shells that resembled an ice cream cone with a lid like a trap door. Two tusklike spines protruded from the soft tissue near the hinge, and on top of its mouth was a row of fluttering tentacles. Since its discovery in the 19th century, the hyolith has puzzled paleontologists. Some thought it was a mollusk, like a snail or clam. Others said it belonged to its own group of animals.

Future Of Coral Reefs Under Climate Change Predicted
January 11, 2017 – 12:48 pm
Future Of Coral Reefs Under Climate Change Predicted

New climate model projections of the world’s coral reefs reveal which reefs will be hit first by annual coral bleaching, an event that poses the gravest threat to one of the Earth’s most important ecosystems. These high-resolution projections, based on global climate models, predict when and where annual coral bleaching will occur. The projections show that reefs in Taiwan and around the Turks and Caicos archipelago will be among the world’s first to experience annual bleaching. Other reefs, like those off the coast of Bahrain, in Chile and in French Polynesia, will be hit decades later, according to research recently published in the journal Scientific Reports.

Most Meltwater In Greenland Fjords Likely Comes From Icebergs
January 11, 2017 – 12:33 pm
Most Meltwater In Greenland Fjords Likely Comes From Icebergs

New study finds that 10% to 50% of iceberg melting happens in the fjords, not in the open ocean as assumed by previous research. Icebergs contribute more meltwater to Greenland’s fjords than previously thought, losing up to half of their volume as they move through the narrow inlets, according to new research.
Greenland, the world’s largest island, is almost entirely covered by a permanent ice sheet that has been shrinking and melting as global warming increases temperatures. In fjords, narrow inlets where glaciers meet the sea, ice breaks off from glaciers to form dense packs of icebergs.

Majestic Beluga Whales Respond Erratically To Summer Sea Ice Loss In The Arctic
January 10, 2017 – 1:24 pm
Majestic Beluga Whales Respond Erratically To Summer Sea Ice Loss In The Arctic

Some beluga whales are adapting to climate change by changing their migratory habits, while other are not, a new study finds. Beluga whales spend the summer in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas, and winters in the warmer Bering Sea to the south. Some beluga whales are delaying their autumn southern migration by up to four weeks, according to a paper published in the journal Global Change Biology.

Arctic Pollution Is So Bad That Polar Bear Cubs Are Feeding On Contaminated Mothers’ Milk
January 10, 2017 – 12:40 pm
Arctic Pollution Is So Bad That Polar Bear Cubs Are Feeding On Contaminated Mothers’ Milk

Pollution in the Arctic is so bad that chemicals are accumulating in polar bear mother’s milk and getting passed onto bear cubs. A new analysis of pollutants in the Arctic has found that polar bears are at a particularly high risk, compared to other animals like seals.

The study was published in the journal Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry in December and focused on a class of pollutants known as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). POPs are toxic, hang around for a long time, and tend to build up in the bodies of humans and animals.

The Famous ‘Global Warming Hiatus’ Of The Early 21st Century Never Existed, New Data Confirm
January 9, 2017 – 2:43 pm
The Famous ‘Global Warming Hiatus’ Of The Early 21st Century Never Existed, New Data Confirm

Changes in the way that ocean temperatures were measured in recent decades made it look like the oceans were getting cooler, but now independent data has confirmed that this so-called ‘hiatus’ in global warming never actually happened. The cause of the apparent hiatus in rising sea-surface temperatures was first identified in 2015 in a paper in the journal Science by scientists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The paper proved controversial, but since its publication, several studies have backed up the idea that the hiatus didn’t in fact happen. The apparent hiatus has been linked to poor statistical methods, among other factors.

Are Tiny Grazers The New Hope For Caribbean Reefs?
January 6, 2017 – 3:17 pm
Are Tiny Grazers The New Hope For Caribbean Reefs?

Thirty years ago a mysterious disease wiped out long-spined black sea urchins across the Caribbean, leading to massive algal overgrowth that smothered already overfished coral reefs. Now, marine biologists at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) report that smaller sea urchins and parrotfish may be taking the place of the large sea urchins, restoring the balance on degraded reefs.

West Antarctic Ice Shelf Breaking Up from the Inside Out
January 6, 2017 – 3:04 pm
West Antarctic Ice Shelf Breaking Up from the Inside Out

Pine Island Glacier and its nearby twin, Thwaites Glacier, sit at the outer edge of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Like corks in a bottle, the two glaciers block ice flow and keep nearly 10% of the ice sheet from draining into the sea. Studies have suggested that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is particularly unstable and could collapse within the next 100 years.

Scientists Have Figured Out Why Big Hurricanes Keep Missing the U.S.
January 6, 2017 – 10:16 am
Scientists Have Figured Out Why Big Hurricanes Keep Missing the U.S.

Scientists have scratched their heads in recent years as a series of major hurricanes have steered clear of the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts, defying probability. Now, new research published in the journal Nature explains the unlikely phenomenon as at least in part the result of an occurrence called “protective barriers,” which help keep major hurricanes from making landfall. Cool ocean temperatures combine with strong vertical wind shear, a measure of how quickly wind changes speed or direction, off the Atlantic coast. Faced with those conditions, major hurricanes tend to slow down, according to the research.

Scientists Say The Global Ocean Circulation May Be More Vulnerable To Shutdown Than We Thought
January 5, 2017 – 3:34 pm
Scientists Say The Global Ocean Circulation May Be More Vulnerable To Shutdown Than We Thought

Intense future climate change could have a far different impact on the world than current models predict, suggests a thought-provoking new study just out in the journal Science Advances. If atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were to double in the future, it finds, a major ocean current — one that helps regulate climate and weather patterns all over the world — could collapse. And that could paint a very different picture of the future than what we’ve assumed so far. The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, or AMOC, is often described as a large oceanic conveyor belt. It’s a system of water currents that transports warm water northward from the Atlantic toward the Arctic, contributing to the mild climate conditions found in places like Western Europe. In the Northern Atlantic, the northward flowing surface water eventually cools and sinks down toward the bottom of the ocean, and another current brings that cooler water back down south again. The whole process is part of a much larger system of overturning currents that circulates all over the world, from pole to pole.

US-Trained Dolphins To Help Locate Mexico’s Vaquita Porpoise
January 4, 2017 – 2:37 pm
US-Trained Dolphins To Help Locate Mexico’s Vaquita Porpoise

U.S. Navy-trained dolphins and their handlers will participate in a last-ditch effort to catch, enclose and protect the last few dozen of Mexico’s critically endangered vaquita porpoises to save them from extinction. International experts confirmed the participation of the Navy Marine Mammal Program in the effort, which is expected to start sometime this spring.

Fish Seek Cooler Waters, Leaving Some Fishermen’s Nets Empty
January 3, 2017 – 2:30 pm
Fish Seek Cooler Waters, Leaving Some Fishermen’s Nets Empty

POINT JUDITH, R.I. — There was a time when whiting were plentiful in the waters of Rhode Island Sound, and Christopher Brown pulled the fish into his long stern trawler by the bucketful. “We used to come right here and catch two, three, four thousand pounds a day, sometimes 10,” he said, sitting at the wheel of the Proud Mary — a 44-footer named, he said, after his wife, not the Creedence Clearwater Revival song — as it cruised out to sea.

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